Physical Chemistry

Citation

Atkins, P., de Paula, J., & Keeler, J. (2022). Physical Chemistry (12th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Chapter Summary

The twelfth edition (published by Oxford University Press with the title Atkins' Physical Chemistry) is a single large volume of about 930 pages, organised not into chapters but into nineteen "Focus" sections, each divided into lettered "Topics" (for example, Topic 1A, Topic 1B). Each Focus carries its own integrated activities, and each Topic has discussion questions, exercises and problems. A resource section and an index follow. The order runs from the macroscopic (gases and thermodynamics), through quantum theory and molecular structure and spectroscopy, to statistical thermodynamics, molecular interactions, solids and finally dynamics: transport, kinetics, reaction dynamics and surfaces. The book is also issued in two volumes.

Focuses 1–3: The Properties of Gases; The First Law; The Second and Third Laws

Focus 1 covers the perfect gas, the kinetic model and real gases. Focus 2 develops the first law through internal energy, enthalpy, thermochemistry, state functions and exact differentials, and adiabatic changes. Focus 3 treats entropy, entropy changes in specific processes, the measurement of entropy, concentrating on the system, and combining the first and second laws.

Focuses 4–6: Physical Transformations of Pure Substances; Simple Mixtures; Chemical Equilibrium

Focus 4 deals with phase diagrams of pure substances and the thermodynamics of phase transitions. Focus 5 moves to mixtures: their thermodynamic description, the properties of solutions, binary phase diagrams (liquids and solids), ternary systems and activities. Focus 6 covers the equilibrium constant, the response of equilibria to conditions, electrochemical cells and electrode potentials.

Focuses 7–9: Quantum Theory; Atomic Structure and Spectra; Molecular Structure

Focus 7 introduces the origins of quantum mechanics, wavefunctions, operators and observables, and translational, vibrational and rotational motion. Focus 8 covers hydrogenic atoms, many-electron atoms and atomic spectra. Focus 9 builds molecular structure through valence-bond theory and molecular orbital theory for the hydrogen molecule-ion, homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules, and polyatomic molecules.

Focuses 10–12: Molecular Symmetry; Molecular Spectroscopy; Magnetic Resonance

Focus 10 covers shape and symmetry, group theory and applications of symmetry. Focus 11 presents the general features of molecular spectroscopy, then rotational, vibrational (diatomic and polyatomic) and electronic spectra, the symmetry analysis of vibrational spectra and the decay of excited states. Focus 12 covers the principles of magnetic resonance, the features of NMR spectra, pulse techniques and electron paramagnetic resonance.

Focuses 13–15: Statistical Thermodynamics; Molecular Interactions; Solids

Focus 13 introduces the Boltzmann distribution, molecular partition functions, molecular energies, the canonical ensemble, the internal energy and entropy, and derived functions. Focus 14 covers the electric properties of molecules, interactions between molecules, liquids, macromolecules and self-assembly. Focus 15 treats crystal structure, diffraction techniques, bonding in solids, and their mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties.

Focuses 16–19: Molecules in Motion; Chemical Kinetics; Reaction Dynamics; Processes at Solid Surfaces

Focus 16 covers transport properties of a perfect gas, motion in liquids and diffusion. Focus 17 covers rates of reaction, integrated rate laws, reactions approaching equilibrium, the Arrhenius equation, reaction mechanisms and examples of them, and photochemistry. Focus 18 treats collision theory, diffusion-controlled reactions, transition-state theory, the dynamics of molecular collisions and electron transfer in homogeneous systems. Focus 19 closes the book with solid surfaces, adsorption and desorption, heterogeneous catalysis and processes at electrodes.

Key Concepts

Focuses 1–6: Thermodynamics

• The laws of thermodynamics: internal energy and enthalpy, entropy, and their combination.
• Phase diagrams and mixtures: the equilibrium behaviour of pure substances and solutions.
• Chemical equilibrium and electrochemical cells: equilibrium constants and electrode potentials.

Focuses 7–12: Quantum Theory, Structure and Spectroscopy

• Wavefunctions, operators and observables: the formal language of quantum mechanics.
• Valence-bond and molecular orbital theory: the two models of bonding developed in Focus 9.
• Group theory and symmetry: used to analyse molecular properties and vibrational spectra.
• Magnetic resonance: NMR, pulse techniques and EPR.

Focuses 13–19: Statistics, Interactions, Solids and Dynamics

• Boltzmann distribution and partition functions: linking molecular energies to thermodynamics.
• Intermolecular interactions and self-assembly: forces between molecules and the structures they form.
• Rate laws, mechanisms and the Arrhenius equation: the language of kinetics.
• Transition-state theory and surface processes: how reactions proceed and how surfaces and catalysts affect them.

Critical Analysis

Strengths

• Full coverage in one book. The nineteen Focus sections span thermodynamics, quantum theory, spectroscopy, statistical thermodynamics, kinetics, solids and surfaces, so one text can serve a two- or three-semester physical chemistry sequence.
• Modular layout. The Focus and Topic structure divides the material into short lettered units, each with its own questions and problems, which lets instructors assign Topics selectively. The publisher also notes learning features added in this edition and a refreshed writing style.
• Topics beyond the basics. Dedicated Topics on macromolecules and self-assembly (Focus 14), pulse techniques in NMR (Focus 12), photochemistry (Focus 17) and processes at electrodes (Focus 19) extend the core syllabus.
• Problem sets of several kinds. Discussion questions, exercises, problems and integrated activities appear throughout the structure.

Limitations

• Length. At about 930 pages the book far exceeds what one course can cover; instructors and students must choose Focuses, and the order in the book (thermodynamics first, quantum theory later, kinetics last) will not match every syllabus.
• Mathematical load. Group theory, operators and statistical ensembles appear in the contents, so students need calculus and some linear algebra beyond general chemistry.

Where It Fits in the Course

Within the physical chemistry course this is the comprehensive undergraduate reference. Monk's Physical Chemistry: Understanding our Chemical World is written for first-year students and introduces each principle through an everyday situation; Chang's Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences is an accessible treatment for students working across chemistry and biology; and Atkins's own Physical Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction is a brief, almost equation-free tour of the central ideas. Each of these can come before the full text or beside it.

McQuarrie and Simon's Molecular Thermodynamics covers only the thermodynamics portion, with the statistical interpretation introduced early, and is a good second source for Focuses 1–6 and 13 when a course needs more depth there.

How to Use This Book

The book is for chemistry and related science students taking a physical chemistry sequence of a year or more; general chemistry and calculus are the practical prerequisites. It can be used selectively: the lettered Topics are short enough to be assigned individually.

A practical plan:

• Thermodynamics semester: Focuses 1–6 in order, with Focus 13 (statistical thermodynamics) as a molecular interpretation once entropy and free energy are in place.
• Quantum and spectroscopy semester: Focuses 7–9 first, then Focus 10 (symmetry) before Focus 11 (spectroscopy), with Focus 12 on magnetic resonance.
• Dynamics: Focus 17 (kinetics) can be taken early if a course needs it, with Focuses 16 and 18–19 afterwards.
• Optional: Focus 14 (molecular interactions), Focus 15 (solids) and the more specialised Topics.
• Use the problems actively: work the exercises topic by topic and use the Focus-level integrated activities to combine ideas across Topics.